Everything about The English Channel totally explained
The
English Channel ("the sleeve") is an arm of the
Atlantic Ocean that separates the
island of
Great Britain from northern
France and joins the
North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about 562 km (350 miles) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 miles) at its widest to only 34 km (21 miles) in the
Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of only some 75,000 km² (29,000 square miles).
Geography
The length of the Channel is most often defined as the line between
Land's End and
Ushant at the (arbitrarily defined) western end, and the Strait of Dover at the eastern end. The Strait is also the Channel's narrowest point, while its widest point lies between
Lyme Bay and the Gulf of
Saint Malo near the midpoint of the waterway.
A number of major islands are situated in the Channel, of which the most notable are the
Isle of Wight off the English coast and the British
crown dependencies the
Channel Islands off the coast of France. The
Isles of Scilly off the far south-west coast of England are not generally counted as being in the Channel. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; the
Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, and the Isle of Wight creates a small parallel channel known as the
Solent.
The Channel is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of the
Pleistocene period. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic
glacial lake outburst floods caused by the breaching of the
Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge which held back a large
proglacial lake in the
Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood would have lasted several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach isn't known but may have been caused by an
earthquake or simply the build-up of
water pressure in the lake. As well as destroying the isthmus that connected Britain to continental Europe, the flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the English Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events.
At its west end, it's narrowly separated from the
Celtic Sea and
Bay of Biscay by the peninsulas of
Cornwall and
Brittany respectively.
For the UK
Shipping Forecast the English Channel is divided into the areas of (from the West):
Name
The name "English Channel" has been widely used since the early 18th century, possibly originating from the designation "
Engelse Kanaal" in
Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards. It has also been known as the "British Channel". Prior to then it was known as the British Sea, and it was called the "
Oceanus Britannicus" by the 2nd century geographer
Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450 which gives the alternative name of "
canalites Anglie" - possibly the first recorded use of the "Channel" designation.
The French name "
La Manche" has been in use since at least the 17th century.In Spain and most Spanish speaking countries the Channel is referred to as
"El Canal de la Mancha". In Portuguese it's known as "
O Canal da Mancha". (It is interesting to note that that this isn't a translation from French: in Portuguese, as well as in Spanish,
"mancha" means "stain", while the word for sleeve is
"manga".) Other languages use also this name, such as
Greek (Κανάλι της Μάγχης) and
Italian (
la Manica).
In
Breton it's known as "Mor Breizh" (the Sea of
Brittany).
In southern Britain it's often referred to simply as "the Channel".
Archaeology
The geology and geography of the Channel make it a productive site for
maritime archaeologists and it has thousands of shipwrecks
In August 2007, artefacts including wood and hazelnuts from the 8000-year-old
Bouldnor Cliff Mesolithic Village were presented by the
Underwater Archaeology Centre based in the Isle of Wight. The preservation of organic material from the stone age is unique to the UK and already the site is of international importance.
History
The channel has been the key natural defence for Britain, halting invading armies whilst in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing her to blockade the continent. The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, for example from the
Spanish Armada in 1588,
Napoleon during the
Napoleonic Wars, and
Nazi Germany during World War II. Successful invasions include the
Roman conquest of Britain, the
Norman Conquest in 1066 and the
invasion and conquest of Britain by Dutch troops under
William III in 1688, whilst the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all times: the
Normandy landings in 1944. Channel
naval battles include the
Battle of Goodwin Sands (1652), the
Battle of Portland (1653), the
Battle of La Hougue (1692) and the engagement between
USS Kearsarge and
CSS Alabama (1864).
In more peaceful times the channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge
Angevin Empire from 1135-1217.
For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the
Modern Celtic regions and languages of
Cornwall
and
Brittany. Brittany was founded by
Britons who fled
Cornwall and
Devon after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there's a region known as "
Cornouaille" (Cornwall) in French and "Kernev" in
Breton (cf "Kernow", the Cornish for Cornwall). Anciently there was also a "
Domnonia" (Devon) in Brittany as well.
The way to the British Isles
Diodorus Siculus and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel celtic tribes of
Armorica and
Iron Age Britain flourished. In 55 BC
Julius Caesar invaded claiming that the Britons had aided the
Veneti against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC but Britain wasn't fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by
Aulus Plautius in 43 AD. A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman
Gaul and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the
Roman departure from Britain in 410 AD after which we enter
early Anglo-Saxon times and historical records are generally far less clear.
In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic
Angles,
Saxons, and
Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes migrated across the North Sea during the
Migration Period, conquering and perhaps displacing the native
Celtic populations.
Norsemen and Normans
The attack on
Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the
Viking Age. For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050.
The
fiefdom of Normandy was created for the
Viking leader
Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged
Paris but in 911 entered
vassalage to the
king of the
West Franks Charles the Simple through the
Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte. In exchange for his
homage and
fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (for example "Northman") origins.
The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local
Gallo-Romantic language and intermarried with the area’s previous inhabitants and became the
Normans – a
Norman French-speaking mixture of
Scandinavians,
Hiberno-Norse,
Orcadians,
Anglo-Danish, and indigenous
Franks and
Gauls.
Rollo's descendant
William, Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the
Norman Conquest culminating at the
Battle of Hastings while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of
King John, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under
Philip II while insular Normandy (the
Channel Islands) remained under English control. In 1259,
Henry III of England recognized the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the
Treaty of Paris. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland French Normandy.
With the rise of
William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of its importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the
Mediterranean and the Orient.
Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for
Chausey) remain a
Crown dependency of the
British Crown in the present era. Thus the
Loyal Toast in the Channel Islands is
La Reine, notre Duc ("The Queen, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to
not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of the
Treaty of Paris of 1259, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to
Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs.
French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the
Hundred Years' War in 1346-1360 and again in 1415-1450.
Britain: the naval superpower
From the reign of Elizabeth I, English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the
Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English under command of
Sir Francis Drake and the breaking of the bad weather. The strengthened English Navy waged several wars with their continental neighbours and by the end of the 18th century had erased the Dutch's previously world-spanning empire.
The building of the
British Empire was possible only because the British navy exercised unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the
North Sea. The only significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the
Napoleonic Wars. The
Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral
Horatio Nelson, ending
Napoleon's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century.
The First World War
The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord
Admiral Fisher in the years before WW1.
"Five keys lock up the world! Singapore, the Cape, Alexandria, Gibraltar, Dover."
Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet couldn't match the British Grand Fleet, the Germans developed submarine warfare which was to become a far greater threat to Britain.
The
Dover Patrol was set up just before war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from accessing the Channel, thereby obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland.
On January 31st 1917 the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November, the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either World War.
The
Battle of Passchendaele in 1917, was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast though it was the introduction of
convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat.
In April 1918 the Dover patrol carried out the famous
Zeebrugge Raid against the U boat bases.
The Naval blockade effected via the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918.
The Second World War
During the
Second World War, naval activity in the
European theatre was primarily limited to the
Atlantic (see
Battle of the Atlantic).
The early stages of the
Battle of Britain(External Link
) featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports and until the
Normandy landings with the exception of the
Channel Dash the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. However, despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans didn't win the air supremacy necessary for a cross Channel invasion.
The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines,
minesweepers, and
Fast Attack Craft.
The town of
Dieppe was the site of the ill-fated
Dieppe Raid by
Canadian and
British armed forces. More successful was the later
Operation Overlord (also known as
D-Day), a massive invasion of
German-occupied France by
Allied troops.
Caen,
Cherbourg,
Carentan,
Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the closing of the so-called
Falaise gap between
Chambois and
Montormel, then liberation of
Le Havre.
The
Channel Islands were the only part of the
British Commonwealth occupied by Germany (excepting the part of
Egypt occupied by the
Afrika Korps at the time of the
Second Battle of El Alamein). The German occupation 1940–1945 was harsh, with some island residents being taken for
slave labour on the Continent; native
Jews sent to
concentration camps;
partisan resistance and retribution; accusations of
collaboration; and slave labour (primarily
Russians and eastern Europeans) being brought to the islands to build
fortifications. The
Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following the
liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some
Red Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the five years of
German occupation particularly in the final months when the population was close to starvation. The German troops on the islands surrendered on
9 May 1945 only a few days after the final surrender in mainland Europe.
Transport links
Ferry
Important ferry routes are:
Dover-Calais
Dover-Boulogne
Newhaven-Dieppe
Portsmouth-Caen (Ouistreham)
Portsmouth-Cherbourg
Portsmouth-Le Havre
Poole-Saint Malo
Poole-Cherbourg
Weymouth-Saint Malo
Plymouth-Roscoff
Channel Tunnel
Many travellers cross beneath the English Channel using the Channel Tunnel. This engineering feat, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally realised in 1994, connects the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris, Brussels and London on the Eurostar train. Cars can also travel on special trains between Folkstone and Calais.
Economy
Tourism
The coastal resorts of the channel, such as Brighton and Deauville, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century, which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world. Short trips across the channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping.
Culture and languages
The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel, and French on the south shore. However, there are also a number of minority languages that are/were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel, which are listed here, with the Channel's name following them.
Celtic Languages
Breton (Brezhoneg) - "Mor Breizh" (Sea of Brittany)
Cornish (Kernuack) - "Chanel"
Germanic languages
Flemish (Vlaams) - "Het Kanaal" (the Channel)
Flemish previously had a larger range, and extended into parts of the modern-day French state. For more information, please see French Flemish.
Romance Languages
French language - "La Manche"
Gallo
Norman, including the Channel Island vernaculars -
Picard
The English Channel has a variety of names in these languages. In Breton, it's known as Mor Breizh meaning the Sea of Brittany; in Norman, the Channel Island dialects use forms of "channel", for example Ch'nal, whereas the Mainland dialects tend more towards the French as in Maunche. In Flemish and Dutch it's Het Kanaal (the channel).
Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms, but notably Welsh has "Môr Udd"
Notable channel crossings
As one of the narrowest but most famous international waterways lacking dangerous currents, crossing the Channel has been the first objective of a number of innovative sea, air and human powered technologies. Some of these are given below.
| Date |
Crossing |
Participant(s) |
Notes |
| 7 January 1785 |
First crossing by air (in balloon, from Dover to Calais) |
Jean-Pierre Blanchard (France)
John Jeffries (U.S.) |
— |
| 15 June 1785 |
First air crash
(in combination hydrogen / hot-air balloon) |
Pilâtre de Rozier (France) Pierre Romain (France) |
Attempted crossing similar to Blanchard/Jeffries |
| 25 August 1875 |
First known person to swim the channel (Dover to Calais, 21 hrs, 45 min) |
Matthew Webb (UK) |
Attempted crossing on 12 August the same year; forced to abandon swim due to strong winds/rough sea conditions |
| 27 March 1899 |
First radio transmission across the Channel (from (Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse) |
Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) |
|
| 25 July 1909 |
First person to cross the channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft (the Blériot XI) (Calais to Dover, 37 minutes) |
Louis Blériot (France) |
Encouraged by £1000 prize being offered by the Daily Mail for first successful flight across the channel |
| 23 August 1910 |
First aircraft flight with passengers |
John Bevins Moisant (U.S.) |
Passengers were mechanic Albert Fileux and Moisant's cat. |
| 25 July, 1959 |
Hovercraft crossing (Calais to Dover, 2 hours 3 minutes) |
SR-N1 |
Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board |
| August 22, 1972 |
First solo hovercraft crossing (same route as SR-N1; 2 hours 20 minutes) |
Nigel Beale (UK) |
|
| 12 June 1979 |
First human-powered aircraft to fly over the channel
(in 70-pound (32 kg) Gossamer Albatross) |
Bryan Allen (U.S.) |
Won a £100,000 Kremer Prize; Allen pedalled for three hours |
| 14 September 1995 |
Fastest crossing by hovercraft, 22 minutes by "Princess Anne" |
MCH SR-N4 MkIII |
Craft was designed to work as a ferry |
| 1997 |
First vessel to complete a solar-powered crossing using photovoltaic cells. |
SB Collinda |
— |
| 14 June 2004 |
New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle (the Gibbs Aquada, two-seater open-top sports car) |
Richard Branson (UK) |
Completed crossing in 100 min 06 sec. Broke record by about six hours. |
| 26 July 2006 |
New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car (the Rinspeed Splash, two-seater open-top sports car) |
Frank M. Rinderknecht (SUI) |
Completed crossing in 194 min (link with photos) |
| 25 September 2006 |
1st crossing on an Inflateable, the boat was piloted by Mark who is partially blind |
Stephen Preston (Stupid Steve) (ENG) |
Completed crossing in 180 min (link with photos) |
By boat
Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise in 1815, one of the earliest sea going voyages by steam ship .
The Mountbatten class hovercraft (MCH) entered commercial service in August 1968 initially operated between Dover and Boulogne but later craft also made the Ramsgate (Pegwell Bay) to Calais route. The journey time, Dover to Boulogne, was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips a day at peak times. The fastest ever crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR-N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995, for the 10:00 am service .
The youngest recorded sailors to cross the channel by boat are Hugo Sunnucks and Guy Harrison aged 15 (formula 18 catamaran). They completed in 4 hours 15 mins in August 2006.
By swimming
The sport of Channel Swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover swimming from England to France on 24 August–25 August 1875 in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
In 1927 (at a time when fewer than ten swimmers had managed to emulate the feat and a number of dubious claims were being made), the Channel Swimming Association (the CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the English Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and succeeded by two separate organisations: The CSA (Ltd) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (CSPF) (website). Both organisations are registered with the international governing body for swimming Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA) (website) and observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover.
Although the swimming rules and regulations of the two organisations are virtually identical, the CSA hasn't always been prepared to recognise swims conducted under the auspices of the larger and more popular CSPF.
A comprehensive list of all registered and verified solo swims is available from http://home.btconnect.com/critchlow/ChannelSwimDatabase.htm
A comprehensive list of all registered and verified solo and relay swims is available from http://www.dover.uk.com/channelswimming/
For a list of Channel Swimming Association Records for swims registered only under the rules of the Channel Swimming Association and verified by that body, go to http://www.channelswimmingassociation.com
On 24 August–25 August 1875 Capt. Matthew Webb made the first crossing of the English Channel from England to France.
On 12 August 1923 Enrico Tiraboschi made the first crossing of the English Channel from France to England.
On 6 August 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the Channel. She did it in 14 hours and 31 minutes, breaking the men's record of the time by two hours. However, this swim attracted some controversy. On 16 August, The Westminster Gazette reported locals as saying that "Miss Ederle swam under the lea of one of the accompanying tugs" while another boat "navigated in such a manner as to keep the heavy seas and tides off her" and that "Miss Ederle was drawn along by the suction of the tug so that she was able to swim at about twice the speed she'd have been able to swim under ordinary conditions." The Dover Express and East Kent News commented that "So far little information has been given of the detail of Miss Ederle's swim. The most extraordinary thing about it being that she made no westward drift with the ebb tide, which on the day in question ran westward for nearly seven hours."
On 7 October 1927, Mercedes Gleitze became, at her eighth attempt, the first British woman to swim the channel. She swam from France to England in 15 hours and 15 minutes. Because of a claim which was soon proven to be false, by Dr. Dorothy Cochrane Logan (using her professional name, Mona McLennan), to have swum the Channel on October 11th in the faster time of thirteen hours and ten minutes, Gleitze's own claim was cast into doubt. To silence the doubters, Gleitze decided to repeat her feat in what was called "the vindication swim". On October 21st at 4:21am she entered the water at Cap Gris Nez. But this time the water was much colder, and she was unable to complete the crossing. At 2:45pm she was pulled semi-conscious from the water after 10 hours and 24 minutes, some seven miles (11 km) short of the English shore. She might have been disappointed at not completing the swim, but after witnessing her strength, courage, and determination, nobody doubted the legitimacy of her previous swim, and she was hailed as a heroine. As she sat in the boat, one journalist made an incredible discovery and reported it in The Times as follows: "Hanging round her neck by a riband on this swim, Miss Gleitze carried a small gold watch, which was found this evening to have kept good time throughout." This was one of the first Rolex Oyster waterproof watches which the director of Rolex, Hans Wilsdorf, had asked her to wear during her repeat attempt, and her feat was subsequently used in advertising by Rolex.
In 1961 Antonio Abertondo from Argentina became the first person to swim the channel both ways non-stop.
In July 1972, Lynne Cox became the youngest person to swim the English Channel at age fifteen, breaking both the men's and women's records. She swam the channel again in 1973, setting a new record time of nine hours and thirty-six minutes.
The oldest verified male swimmer to cross is American George Brunstad, who was aged 70 years and 4 days when he crossed on 27 August and 28 August 2004, taking 15 hours 59 min.
The oldest male swimmer to cross under the rules of the Channel Swimming Association is Australian Clifford Batt, who was aged 67 years and 240 days when he crossed on 19 August 1987, taking 18 hours 37 minutes.
The fastest ever verified swim of the channel was by Petar Stoychev on 24 August 2007. He crossed the channel in 6 hours 57 minutes and 50 seconds.
The fastest verified female channel swimmer is Yvetta Hlaváčová in 2006. She crossed the channel in 7 hours 25 minutes and 15 seconds.
The fastest verified two way channel swimmer is Philip Rush in 1987. He crossed the channel (England/France/England) in 16 hours 10 mins.
The fastest verified female two way channel swimmer is Susie Maroney in 1991. She crossed the channel (England/France/England) in 17 hours 14 mins.
The fastest verified three way channel swimmer is Philip Rush in 1987. He crossed the channel (England/France/England/France) in 28 hours 21 mins.
The fastest (and only) verified female three way channel swimmer is Alison Streeter in 1990. She crossed the channel (England/France/England/France) in 34 hours 40 mins.
The woman with the most crossings, holding the undisputed title of "Queen of the Channel", is Alison Streeter MBE with 43 crossings, including one 3-way and three 2-way swims. 39 of those crossings are recognised and authenticated by the CSA.
The "King of the Channel" title was conferred by the CSPF on Kevin Murphy (34 crossings, including three doubles) and by the CSA on Michael Read (with 33 crossings of the English Channel authenticated by the CSA.
Des Renford swam the Channel 19 times, more than any other Australian. He was born on 25 August 1927, the 52nd anniversary of Matthew Webb's inaugural swim.
Other swimming crossings include: Vicki Keith (first butterfly swim crossing); Florence Chadwick (first woman to swim the Channel in both directions); Montserrat Tresserras (first woman to swim the Channel in both directions, as verified by the Channel Swimming Association); Marilyn Bell (youngest person up to 1955); Amelia Gade Corson (first mother and second woman); Mercedes Gleitze (first Englishwoman, 7 October 1927); Brojen Das, the first Asian (23 August 1958); Abhijit Rao, the youngest Asian (6 August 1988); Comedians who have swum the channel Doon Mackichan, and David Walliams (BBC report).
The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team with 35 crossings by 25 members (by 2005). (External Link)
By the end of 2005, 811 individuals had completed 1185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA, the CSA (Ltd), the CSPF and Butlins.
The total number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005: 982 successful crossings by 665 people. This includes twenty-four 2-way crossings and three 3-way crossings.
Total number of ratified swims to 2004: 948 successful crossings by 675 people (456 by men and 214 by women). There have been sixteen 2-way crossings (9 by men and 7 by women). There have been three 3-way crossings (2 by men and 1 by a woman). (It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA-only.)
Further Information
Get more info on 'English Channel'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://english_channel.totallyexplained.com">English Channel Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
